WORKSHEET Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Littorinidae, Oceanography

WORKSHEET: Research question and investigation plan Weight: 5% of your final Biology 140 grade Word count: N/A Due date: end of Lab 5; i.e.: _______________ (by email to your Lab Instructor) Lab section: A2Research animal: Littorina spp. Names of group members Respective contri butions to this worksheet (see step 12) Patrick Inputting answers on worksheet, "how does the factor vary in the animal's natural habitat" Lucia Question 2a Kimberly Question 2b Kyle " Description o f the natural habitat of animal" In your group, brainstorm and select a behavioural response that you would like to investigate in Labs 7 and 8. Your group should ensure that the selected response is: relevant for the animal in its natural environment; measurable in the Biology 140 lab. After considering the criteria above, write down the behavioural response that your group wants to investigate: Movement and speed a. Have two group members work together to find one primary or secondary literature source that reports an investigation of the same response/behaviour as you will investigate, either for your research animal or for a closely related species. What did the researchers find? Record the full reference using Harvard style format: The researchers found that the topographic complexity of the substratum does indeed influence the movements of the intertidal sea snail (Littorina spp). The snails moved further on a less complex surface (Underwood Chapman 1989). b. Meanwhile, the other two group members should work together to find reliable information about the importance of the behavioural response for the survival of your animal (or a closely related species). Based on the information that you found, how is the response/behaviour that you will investigate important to your animal's survival? Record Harvard-style in-text citations and a reference list. Movement is significant to Littorina spp. to ensure a higher chance of survival. Evidence is shown within academic articles such as Janet Koprivnikar's Effects of temperature, salinity, and water level on emergence of marine cercariae, and Christopher D.G. Harley's The introduction of LIttorina littorea to British Columbia, Canada. Koprivnikar states that when temperatures fluctuate, in our case increases, marine cercariae react by moving, or hiding within their shells. The snails tended to hide when temperatures increased, and while proven to not be as fast as other marine snails is why these snails tend to hide rather than run (Christopher Harley 2013). In both Koprivnikar and Harley's articles, salinity is an important factor that affects the snails. The Littorina spp. seem more lively, and active when salinity levels are elevated. The Littorina spp. has a range of tolerance for salinity, from the low salinity level here in Vancouver, and the higher salinity levels. Although, they tolerate the low salinity levels, the snails prefer much higher salinity levels Evaluate how well your selected behavioural response fits the criteria listed in step 1. Use the information found in the literature (step 2), as well as your experience working with your research animal in Lab 4, to decide whether the behavioural response is appropriate. If it is not, you will have to choose a different response and repeat the steps 2a and 2b. The response is valid and fits the criteria listed in question 1. How will you measure this behaviour/response in the lab? What units will you use to measure this response/behaviour? Using a plexiglass cover on top of each container and trace the snails movement from an overhead view with a dry erase marker, then measure the total distance travelled using a string and tape measurer and calculate the average velocity. Standard SI units for distance and time. (meters and seconds). Write the behavioural response that you will be studying in the center of the 3x3 grid below: Light Rugosity Type of substratum Biotic presence of other animals Response: Movement and speed Salinity Temperature Exposure ph As a group, brainstorm eight factors that might affect your animal's response in its natural environment. Each group member should contribute one or two factors. At this stage, feel free to be creative and consider anything reasonable that comes to mind. Then, write the eight factors in the eight outside squares of the 3x3 grid above. In order to conduct your laboratory investigation, you will need to manipulate (vary) the factor in a controlled manner. Consider each of the factors that you wrote in the 3x3

Two of a Kind essays

Two of a Kind essays Within the past few decades, the world has experienced an incredible boom in technology, leading to such things as space travel, the internet, and wireless phones among others. The field of medicine has been no exception. With vaccines that have almost completely wiped out tuberculosis and smallpox, there is no doubt that the field of medicine has experienced some incredible advances. However, one such advance seems to have more harmful effects than beneficial ones: cloning. Four years ago, the world was introduced to Dolly the sheep, the first successfully cloned animal. With this achievement, scientists have no doubt begun to look at the benefits of cloning humans. Organ donors shall no longer be needed, and any experimental drugs can be tested on a clone rather than animals. However, the benefits of this are a double-edged sword. While creating as many organs as needed will help increase the human life expectancy, it will also help to disrupt the balance of an already overpopulated planet. While it may sound heartless to deny someone a genetically engineered organ, one must look at the whole picture. In using genetically engineered organs to save lives, scientists are helping to decrease the death rate, and in turn increasing the population of this planet and the depletion of the worlds limited natural resources. Likewise, the military has also undoubtedly been studying the benefits of cloning humans. Whichever country has the ability to clone has the potential for a completely indispensable army of any number of clones. However, this brings about the issue of morality. By creating clones that are nothing more than indispensable killing machines, we degrade this fantastic gift from God. With such an army, what is to stop any country with the ability to clone from invading any countries that they want? With absolutely nothing to lose, this a very likely scenario that any government would chanc ...

Gold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gold - Essay Example Gold’s actual discovery remains only known to the ancients (Mineral Zone, 1). Gold is the seventy ninth element on the periodic table and it has symbol AU which is derived from the Latin word â€Å"Aurum† which means shining dawn. â€Å"It occurs mostly in the native state, remaining chemically uncombined except with selenium, tellurium and possibly bismuth. The elements only naturally occurring isotope is gold-197† (Gold.yabz, 1). Deposit of gold with high amounts of gold: hydrothermal veins, where it is associated with pyrite (fools gold) and quartz; and consolidated and unconsolidated placer deposits that are derived from the weathering of gold-bearing rocks. Gold is considerably associated with differential amounts of silver; with electrum being the most common and naturally occurring gold-silver alloy, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Geographically electrum is found in Western Anatolia, present day Turkey (Gold.yabz, 1). Occurrence of gold-bearing rocks rich in it, is unusual, which is to say gold ores are not so (common. In seawater gold occurs to the extent of 5 to 250 parts by weight to 100 million parts of water. Presently gold quantity of gold in seawater is estimated to be 9 billion metric tons. Its deposits are widespread in low concentrations all over the continents. Gold deposits are found in two types; lode deposits which is mined through conventional mining methods and placer deposits found along stream beds caused by the erosion of the lode deposits. Its abundance is estimated to vary in concentrations in igneous rocks on the continent varying between .001 to 0.004 ppm. Since discovery, 165,000 tons of it has been mined. Gold is commonly used in ornaments and jewellery (USGS, 1). This is because the metal is highly malleable as it can form very thin sheet of about 0.000005 inches in size, so it served the purpose. Additionally as it is a noble metal, it

Business Disaster Recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Disaster Recovery - Essay Example The topic of the research has also been recognized by the researchers and social scientist as an important issue for the business so there was lot of literature present at different resources around the topic that cover the topic from different aspects. In this situation it was one of the major concerns to select and review the material that is not only relevant but also useful for the dissertation. Having too much choices in front often creates confusions and a big worry was to overcome this confusion that what to take for the review and what not. In the same way the selection of the company for the case study was also not a simple decision because there are many company that have faced disasters at some time and they have also make their plans for the recovery. Some of them were successful in restoring their losses and some of them were failed so it was a difficult decision to select the company. Moreover it was decided to conduct an in-depth interview of personnel of the selected company so there were also concerns about the matter that weather any of the personnel will allow due time for interview and weather the results or findings of the interviews will be fruitful for the research or not. The present work is done while utilizing all the best possible sources and abilities and if there is another chance got to do the same work again then there much be review of the work previously done to find out the mistakes and flaws so that in the next attempt all the flaws can be removed.

Life in the City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life in the City - Essay Example This perspective, which removes urban places from the context of their societies, may be appropriate to what these disciplines wish to learn of and from the city. Engels underlines that urban settings has a negative impact on an individual and his morals. He writes that: "the brutal indifference, the unfeeling isolation of each in his private interest, becomes the more repellant and offensive, the more these individuals are crowded together". Such an approach is less useful in anthropology, however. For cross-cultural comparisons and analyses of urban development, the city must be treated as only one of many social institutions such as kinship, religion, and subsistence activity that anthropologists always have conceptualized as parts of a socio-cultural whole. A spirit of independence and autonomy, a desire for innovation, a predilection for social status based on achievement rather than birth, and a sense of community beyond the family or kin group are characteristics often associated with the city. In this view, urban places become centers of social change, economic development, and personal freedom in contrast to conservative, ascriptive, and traditional rural settlements. Cities are thus perceived as sources of novel economic and productive arrangements and new political orders that challenge the fabric of society. The ideological approach thus studies the "rules" that compose the cultural roles of cities and their societies. It investigates the derivation of these rules outside the city or their diffusion from the urban sphere into the cultural setting (Engels). Whyte pays a special attention to increased poverty in urban settings and slums as a dominant feature of the eastern city. Whyte writes: "People appear as social work clients, as defendants in criminal cases or as undifferentiated members of the masses". It is possible to say that the ideological and interactional roles and links between cities and societies are not unchanging. Therefore the concept of "adaptation" must be added to introduce a dynamic aspect. Cities are and always have been in a continual process of adjustment to their external socio-cultural environments. "Environment" in this context does not directly involve physical circumstances affecting the city, such as water supply, soil type, and rainfall average. Following Durkheim and Tonnies, with a specifically urban population and a distinctly urban pattern of social organization, the administrative city is further from the rural countryside in ideology and life-style than the regal-ritual type is. The patterns of belief and social life, the cultural "rules" of the state society, may remain basically the same in village and city. The urban area, on the other hand, concentrates a sophistication--an elaborateness of custom and ideology--that mark it off sharply from the rural zone. Rather than a hiatus in belief, rather than an antagonism based on wholly different urban and rural patterns, the administrative city is simply so much more than its rural environs that rural areas appear culturally denuded, socially deficient, and ideologically backward by comparison. The city may still reflect the countryside, but it does so with such intensity that it appears to have its own independent luminosity. Durkheim underlines that: "solidarity in indu strial society is based not on uniformity bit on difference". The industrial city becomes a node of the power and

National Integration in Pakistan

National Integration in Pakistan To combine and bring together all the people of a country is known as national integration. It is a feeling which combines all the people irrespective of their colour, race, caste, region and religion etc. It is the only force with the help of which all types of people live together peacefully and considering themselves the members of single whole. 1 THE STATE OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN PAKISTAN Pakistan is facing the problem of national integration since its creation. The lack of national integration is a big problem. Owing to the absence of national integration Pakistan has been pushed to cruel circle. It has made Pakistan a sorry state of affairs, and has made Pakistan the centre of terrorist activities. Due to this problem Pakistan has become an instable and vulnerable state and a total breakdown of state machinery. This was not the problem at first. Pakistan was the result of integration on the basis of Islam. Unfortunately after the death of Quaid-e-Azam the country was isolated. National integration faced too many problems. At this rate, income inequalities, social injustice, political blow and other evils raised their heads. All of these made national integration weak and fragile. There is lack of consensus on important national issues in Pakistan. For that reason the provinces hate each other. The Punjab is being accused by the rest of three provinces i.e. Sindh, Kh yber Pukhtunkhwa and Baluchistan for exploiting their resources and not paying there just share. Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa are against the construction of Kala Bagh dame while Punjab wants to construct it. On the issue of NFC award the three provinces having the same reservation from Punjab. There are too much hurdles and difficulties in the way of national integration of Pakistan. It is necessary to vanish the sentiments of regionalism or provincialism languisticism or communalism etc. Some of the important reasons of the failure of national integration of Pakistan are as below: CRISIS OF LEADERSHIP After the death of Quaid-e-Azam there was hardly any leader upon whom the nation could be united. Every leader prefers his personal interest rather than national interest. They built up economic assets on illegal means. Thus they exploited the national purse on the coast of national interest and promoted personal interests. Therefore national integration remained weak and fragile.2 ECONOMIC DISPARITIES There is a big gap between rich and poor. The system of Pakistan has been structured such that the gulf between poor and rich become widen with the every passing day. Rich become richer and the poor become poorer and poorer. It strengthens the upper and privileged class of society. It never cares of the lower class of the society. Thus the economic inequalities led towards the weakness of the national integration.3 PROVINCIAL BIASES AND SOCIAL INJUSTICE Beside the lack of social justice and provincial biases are posing a threat to the basic existence of the country. It leads towards the destabilization of the state and shaking the basis of national integration of the country. The smaller provinces have developed the sense of deprivation. They think that they have been deprived of their just share in the national exchequer and of their just royalty. It has developed the age-old animosities among the provinces. Social justice is the only solution of national integration in Pakistan. The water dispute existed among the provinces. It has posed a major threat to national integration. The provinces have objections on the construction of Kala Bagh dam which has detracted the confidence and unity of the country. Likewise the dispute over NFC (National Finance Commission) award also posing serious threats to national integration. The provinces dont agree on the formula in which the resources are to be divided on the basis of population. This creates great hurdles in the way of national integration of Pakistan. The sense of regionalism has been fuelled by the lack of socio economic justice in the country. Regionalism has divided the whole nation into small and paltry classes. It has created fractions, groups, sects working for their vested interests. Jeye Sindh, Baluch Liberation Front and Baluch liberation army are struggling for the secession from federation. So the question of national integration remain unaddressed and at low priority. There is a trend of promoting personal interest, class interest, group interest and faction and regional interest instead national interests. Almost all parties are talking about Sindhies, Baluchies, Pukhtoons, and Punjabies and other small groups. There is no talk about Pakistan. This politics of regionalism has widened the gulf between different sections of the society. It has shaken the basis of national integration of Pakistan.4 MILITARY INTERVENTION Military intervention has weakened the basis of national integration. During military rule the small provinces has been deprived of there just share. East Pakistan seceded during military rule. The military regime failed to promote the sense of ones in the two wings of Pakistan.5 Baluchistan issue also emerged during military rule. POLITICAL INSTABILITY Political stability is the most important prerequisite for strengthening the national integration. Unfortunately Pakistan is lacking this requirement since very long. The political instability has widened the gulf between the ruling class and the ruled class. It has distorted the picture of Pakistan and made it retrogressive in all spheres. Political instability has posed a big threat to national unity and integrity. Lack of unity and integration has pushed behind the objectives for which Pakistan was created. It has also rhythm of national progress. As a result the nation has become hallow from within in terms of national integration.6 LANGUAGE PROBLEM Pakistani is a plural society. There are living many linguistic groups which is problem. Some time it poses serious threats for the geographical integrity of the state. Pakistan lost its eastern wing owing to many problem of which the language problem was one of the important problem. In todays Pakistan the difference of language is still a problem in the way of national integration of state. It is very much important for Pakistan to have a language policy which is helpful for the promotion of all languages equally. The current policy has created a sense among the small linguistic groups that the government is only promoting Urdu at the coast of regional languages. All the provinces have been divided into more than one linguistic group which contributing to the instability of country.7 MEDIA Media is a source of information and education. It is the most effective mean of change and information. Media is expected to play a positive role in image building of the state. It is the responsibility of media to promote national interest and national integration. In a democratic society the role of media is to be of a watchdog. It is the need of the time that our media should strive for building of soft and positive image of the state.8 Media is the link between the people of a country which propagate the news throughout the country and world by means of electronic devices known as electronic media i.e. radio, TV, net etc and by the means of print media i.e. newspapers, journals, and magazines etc. Media is the most effective source of communication. It enriches the people knowledge about the right and wrong. On the one hand media is breaking false news without proper investigation, yet on the other hand it inform us about the realities.9 POWER OF MEDIA Media is a link between people and societies. Without media they would have been isolated. In the current century media has very much powerful. With the help of media we came to know about the happenings around the world. It unveils the truth and injustice done to people. It rules over the mind of the people. Media educate the people and moulds their opinion, making and toppling the governments makes a hero a villain and a villain a hero. It changes the life style, thinking, culture and tradition of a society. Power of media can be judged through its role as a source of information, education and entertainment. It has changed the world into a global village.10 ROLE OF MEDIA IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION Pakistani media is playing very irresponsible role. Talk shows and political debates dont consider themselves subject to limits. In debates the participants using abusive language against each other. The anchor persons are fuelling the arguments and counter arguments. They dont care for the fact that what type of image they are going to develop publically. What the people will think about them. This trend is conveying a very negative massage inside and outside of the country. Media as opinion maker models the opinion of the people. These talk shows are creating prejudice among the workers of different political parties. And in some cases they get violent against each other.11 In the name of freedom of press media, some time crossing the limits. There is a race among the different channels for breaking news which led to a fierce situation. They are using negative tools for increasing the number of viewership.12 Media has to play a positive and productive role in a society. Education is one of the important factors in promoting national integration. On the same lines media has a very affective role in educating the society. The use of media especially of internet has a lot of contribution in educating society. It is the responsibility of media to unveil the true picture of society. But unfortunately most of the press is prejudice. They are propagating the distorted picture of reality as they want. Media should show responsibility. They should show love and affection instead of hate. They should play a constructive role in providing education to the people and show them the real picture of the world as it is. They should not sensitize the issues. Honest coverage is the spirit of journalism. The media can led the society towards betterment if they start factual reporting. These are some of the major flaws in media if these could be addressed justly they can play an active role in national integration. Ibid media persons and press should be devoted and self reliable. They should show great social responsibilities that would. 13 THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION Media is the reflection of any country. It shows the way of living and behaviour of the people of any country. The way of expressing news, the way the politicians talking, in talk shows and political debates, show the attitude of the people of that country. The media is bound to spread reality and should be careful of its responsibilities. Media should aware the public without influencing their mind negatively the mind of public and make them able to protest in true manner which could result oriented. Mc Combs and Shaw consider the media as, the mass media sets the agenda for political campaigns, influencing public attitudes toward desired issues. Pakistani media is more responsible than any other media of the other countries of the world because Pakistan needs a big change and the media is the powerful source of change. Now-a-days media is easily accessible to all walks of life through various means electronic means and press i.e. TV, radio, mobile, internet, newspapers, journals, m agazines etc. Media is a force which moulding the opinion of the people. Media changes the approach of the people towards different issues which perform very important role in highlighting certain attributes of issues. Guardians of the media, i.e. news editors, play fundamental role in determining the media outline which become public outline after some time.14 With the appearance of new century the press has become independent. There are TV channels which give coverage to the issues around the country in Pakistan. Media has a lot of contribution in educating the public about issues, but unfortunately media has badly failed in changing the behaviour of the people towards many issues. Media broadcast issues in a way that it boost people instantaneously just after the news report while the people dont know that what they should do in that particular scenario and who they can play a constructive role. Media has to discourage strongly such type of negative approach of the general mass. Demonstrations and protests are good to build up pressure towards solution of any problem but there should be in a right way to demonstrate which should result oriented. With every passing day the reputation of Pakistani media has corrupted owing to its failure in systematically comprehending affairs. Instead of spreading true root cause of issues, media is just adding wordings over the issue and crisis. The coverage of political issues by our media is heavily episodic rather than subjective. There is a number of political talk shows on different TV channels in Pakistan. No programme out of these having an ending or concluding words that could be helpful for people to understand that what will be the possible solution to the problems facing by them. Every program discusses the one and the same issue with different names. Somewhere it is Capital Talk, somewhere it is Aaj Kamran Khan ki sath, To the Point, Kal Tak, Ikhtilaf, Jarga, Likin, etc etc. But no programme has a fruit full ending. There is no difference of information and viewpoint of different political figures. There is no ray of hope regarding the solution of any problem. No politician can g ive remedy nor they coming to the point of solution.15 Constitution of Pakistan gives fundamental rights to citizens. But media does not give importance to it. Instead they are interested in sensitization of issues and news. They are broadcasting such news where they can found something where fundamental rights of citizens are violated.16 Being the powerful pillar of the state media has to save the country form sudden slippage. Media is independent for a long time but it could not show positive role in changing the rebellious attitude of the people. Pakistani media should represent this country with immense care because this country is not only important for Islamic world but for the peace of the world as well. Media should be very much careful while representing this country in the globe and guiding the people of this country to bring out this country form the problems surrounding it. It is the responsibility of media to show the real picture of Pakistani nation to the world, its thinking on the global issues. It represents the culture of Pakistan. Thus media is on the most responsible position. It has to tell the world about Islam and Pakistan and the implications of Islam on Pakistan. Majority of the channels are highly politicised while they should for Islamic norms and values. Some of the channels are religious w hile some are representing secular group. These are representing Pakistan from two different perspectives. This type of media, with two totally different angles widening cultural gap in Pakistan which ultimately results in creating two rival groups in Pakistan. Our media showing the world two different cultures and directing the people to divide into two groups, with one fundamental thoughts and other secular thoughts. 17 For promoting a peaceful and balanced society it is important for all media channels to represent the real culture neither of Pakistan which is neither extremist nor vice versa. Francis Fukuyama, (1995) says that, A thriving civil society depends on a peoples habits, customs, and ethics- attributes that can be shaped only indirectly through conscious political action and must otherwise be nourished through the increased awareness and respect for culture. Unfortunately in Pakistan we are lacking a free and transparent political system, but we have an independent media. Media is more powerful than political parties. Hence media can play an important role in moulding the fate of society towards betterment. Pakistani culture is one and the same and that is Islamic. By dividing it into two divergent cultures creates democratic problems for our society. Media can bridge both the gulf which has been created by one way or other since the creation of Pakistan by playing positive and sensitive role. Some of the already existing groups are distorting the picture of Pakistan by developing false picture of Pakistan and Islam. To minimize the influence of such groups all Pakistani media should represent the true picture of Islam and Pakistan. The entire news and drama channels should adopt national dress symbols of Pakistan which at the same time is Pakistani and Islamic. Unfortunately models, actors, reporter and anchors of media channels follow such a way of speaking, negotiating and apparels which are not true picture of Pakistan and Islam. In a nutshell we can say that media should enhance its role in educating the people that they may be able to participate sensibly to influence the mess. Furthermore media have to build up its status among the society by touching the hidden bonds of society i.e. its culture. Though there are varieties of cultures in our society but all of them surrender to a common culture of Islam. Media has to communicate with the people of society as its part. Tariq Alvi says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Stress the importance of culture, which may vary even within a country, in negotiating any complex deal you need to understand the values of the people you are dealing with, even if you do not accept their values yourselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦... Therefore media should be very much carful about the culture of Pakistan to integrate the people of Pakistan towards prosperity and development while living within Islamic boundaries.18 Media is being considered as the fourth pillar of the state. In this regard it is expected that it may play a very active role in promoting national integration especially our plural and heterogeneous and divergent society. But unfortunately it has been observed the so called independent media has created violence and hatred on many occasions. Recently Muttahidda Quami Movements leader Altaf Hussain and Pakistan Peoples Party leader Zulfiqar Mirzas speeches has been widely reported in our media which resulted in hundreds of mass killing in Karachi. Likewise medias strong campaign for Lal Masjid operation in 2007 had promoted extremist to kill thousands of soldiers and civilians in target killing and suicide attacks.19 Our media provides us entertainment in forms of Dramas, songs and movies and some funny programmes as hum sub umeed se hain etc. All these are surrounded by romance, love affairs, violence, glamour, big cars, big houses and a clash of poor and rich. All these in no way reflect our culture or represent our culture and civilization. Hardly we can see a programme with a positive and moral result in the democratization of our young generation.20 All these provided to us by media, are responsible for disaster and anarchy in our society. Media has badly failed in providing us role models that could unite our divergent society.21 Medias interest is market drivers and for the sake of rating. It can even compromise on national integration. The supporters of this media argues that media is beating the triumphant Aman ke Asha, which will stop the flow of water towards Pakistan. They projecting the marriage ceremony of Shoib and Sania Mirza, telecasting Altaf Hussains singing, the hatred remarks of Zulfiqar Mirza are breaking news for them for increasing rating and number of viewership. In this scenario how one can expect from media that they will promote national integration rather they are causing disintegration.22 The most recent example of rating is Malalas issue which have been given undue coverage. tens of children die almost every day in drone attacks no channel roused voice for any one of them. It makes the people to think who are being suffered that are they not been given that much projection and thus finally they came on violence against state and all other players of the game. This trend finally led towards destruction of national integration. Before the attack on Malala the media gave very unfair projection to Sharmin Obaid Channaoye. She has made a movie with the name of, Face Saving. In this she had highlighted an issue in which the husbands threw acid on the faces of females. In this issue she has given very negative picture of Pakistani society. She has represented the people brutal, merciless and cruel. She had used the innocent women for her movie. According to print media reports the women who was used for this purpose was not given her wage and neither was given medical treat ment. For her this alleged movie she was prised in Europe and USA and awarded with Oscar Award because she presented a highly exaggeratedly negative picture of Pakistan. Pakistani media given that lady very high projection and presented her as heroin of Pakistan. This kind of reporting and projection is very negatively impacting the image of Pakistan abroad. Media is selling negative news hypes. Media will never make breaking news of a positive development in the violence turned tribal area. Professor Inam Ullah of department of Journalism university of Peshawar says, If you tell any channel that 20 girls got admission in a school in Mohmand Agency no channel will broad cast this news because there is no sensitization in this news and channels dont take interest in such news. On the other hand if you told them that a school has been blown up in the same place or any other area then switch on your TV and tune any channel you will see that all channels are broad casting that news with any investigation and conformation. This is the interest of media. They are sensitizing the issues creating thrill. They are in race and competition. They dont care for national integration or any other positive activity. They just want to break the news before any other news channel breaks it.23 By promoting news with hype is just for the increase of viewers and earn maximum money by commercial advertisement. The people are also responsible for this trend of media. Media is selling what the people want to buy. It is now a business not a source of education or information. People like Indian movies, songs and programmes. TV channels broadcasting these things for increasing the number of viewership. If a channel even tries to telecast a debate on national integration the people dont like to watch it. According to this school of thought if media does not broad caste the hatred of the politician they have in their hearts they wont be able to do justice to themselves.24 Another irony is that media does not give equal coverage to each political party. They are broad casting a five hours press conference of Altaf Hussain directly from England while the next day they dont give 5 minutes time to another political party. They dont publish the manifesto some parties while giving coverage to the minute things of other political party. (amir jamati Islami sayed munawar Hassan interview with Wajahat Saeed Khan, Ajj TV talk show Ikhtilaf on Nov 2, 2012). This trend of media is damaging for national integration of our country. TV channels have no concern to play positive role to bridge the gap which has been created the absence of good governance in different section of society. They are just interested in sensitive news and want to break such news which can attract more and more viewers.25 Almost all TV shows are made for urban consumerist population a soft victim for advertisers. These shows are full of sumptuous cooking; ingredients are the product so of huge companies and plays in which families Banarasi Saris, gold jewellery, and full makeup in their daily lives at houses.26 When the working class are the lower and poor class of a society who are hardly living their lives, watch all these things a desire came in their heart for such lavish life. But their pocket does not allow them to afford. They get frustrated and thus a feeling of hate emerges inside them. they turned severely against the upper and privileged class of society and thus against the whole system. This finally poses many threats to national integration. This mindset is responsible for so many social evils. TV commercials also playing the same role. They ate are showing the products of big companies which are practically out of the range of the society at large. In these commercials the life is imaginary which can be seen only on TV screen but not possible in practical life. The culture is being represented neither in dramas and movies nor in TV commercials.27 With so much social estrangement between haves and have-not, can they identify with the country our media depicts? How we can expect them to have patriotic feeling or the right values? the writer of the article wrote her personal experience in such words, I remember a child show in which actress was asked if she would give a massage to children, enthusiastically she replied, khao, peyo aur maze karo,.28 this is the massage normally given by TV anchors and shows. When a child of poor parents receive such massage and then they demanding for such a life where ones concentrate is just upon eating, drinking and enjoyment, and his/her parents could not afford this both parents and child get frustrated and turned against the system. They will try to snatch this luxurious life form those who living it irrespective of the fact that he can live such life or not but at least the upper class should not live it. Instead of a massage could be given to care about the less fortunate, do study better, to be respectful towards their elders, to be honest in their dealing or not to litter and through garbage all over the place. Insight and aspiration for nation building could have been given. But do media persons care? 29 RELIGIOUS PROGRAMMES AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION There are so many so called religious programmes in which religious scholars appear who came on different TV channels and interpret Islam from their own perspective and point of view. They are crazy of popularity, money and modernity. There is a huge gap between the interpretation of modern ulama and the orthodox ulama. There are people who cannot bear either of the opponent group. They turned against each other and especially the followers of orthodox ulama even came on aggression which causes too many problems in our society. Dr Javed Ahmad Ghamdi, Dr Faroop (late) Dr Aamir Laiqat Hussain is among the modern ulam. Orthodox ulama have issued fatwas against them. The death of Dr Farooq is being connected with this opposition of ideas among orthodox and modernists. He was given threats to take his modern ideas back or then get ready for drastic consequences. CONCLUSION Without media neither we can formulate an opinion nor can resolve any problem. Media has the potential of projecting any culture and give a sense of belonging to people belonging to different backgrounds. But unfortunately there are many examples where media could not come up with the expectations of the people. From the above discourse it reveals that media in Pakistan does not deliver according to the needs of the nation. Their more concentration remains on market. How to increase the number of viewership, how to attract advertisers and how to break fresh news before any other do it. In this race and competition they often broadcast false and sensitive news. Media is the most responsible institution of any state. In a state like Pakistan its responsibilities are more sensitive than any other country. Today Pakistan is the focal point of the world. All the countries have interest in Pakistan and thus they analyzing the situation every minute. Being a responsible institution media in Pakistan should avoid sensitizing the news. All those news should not be telecasted which can rise the communal or ethnic crisis. Every day we observe that someone has committed suicide, someone has been killed for being shia or Sunni, a school has blown up in so and so area, target killing are going on in Karachi, a shrine of some famous personality has blown up by terrorists etc, etc. After careful analysis all this type of news are poison for national integration. It weakens the roots of national unity and feeling of oneness. A feeling of hatred emerges in the hearts of people against each other which led towards communal crisis, ethnic crisis, provincialism and regionalism. The media should avoid such type of news and reports. They should give very little coverage to such news and concentrate on positive news that the people may get hopeful for better prospects in future. Different talk shows on different TV channels are creating illusion among the people. The politicians who are supposed to guide the people in difficult times are talking in a highly uncivilized manner in TV programs which does not suite their status. Media should work as a beacon and candle. It can do anything to make hero a villain and a villain a hero. It should lead the nation in a right direction. They should not work as the agent of western media and organization as puppet in their hands as it has been working. It is the need of the day that the intellectuals should discuss this problem seriously. Media is a tool which can be used for positive purposes very fruitfully.

Practical Cognition :: essays research papers

Practical Cognition Theories of Knowledge (Karl Marx) In his early years of writing, Karl Marx's ideas were similar to American Pragmatism, especially his ideas about epistemology. He defines truth in a pragmatic fashion and explains cognition in terms of practical needs of the human being. While some of his ideas were not followed to their logical conclusion, nor made sense, the fundamentals of his epistemology contain valuable ideas which can be viewed as furthering pragmatism as a respectable philosophy. His theory of cognition states that cognition is a biological function of the human which is used as a tool for his survival. Marx defines truth in a pragmatic way. The truth value of a judgement is due to the usefulness of accepting or rejecting the judgement. A statement is true if accepting it makes a positive difference or has a helpful influence and it is false if accepting it causes difficulty or dissatisfaction. The meaning of a statement is the practical result of accepting the statement. In general, then, the truth or falsity of a statement is relative, not only to the individual accepting or rejecting the statement, but also to the circumstances in which that person finds himself. Truth is relative, but Marx is not an extreme relativist (no one to be taken seriously is) because there is a constraint to how relative the truth can be; Humans are making the truth judgements, and humans have a common element, viz . their needs, which do not vary greatly between people. Humans are in contact with nature at a fundamental level. The human understanding of nature is a consequence of the fact that nature confronts humans when they try to fulfill their needs. This is the case with any organism, and each species reacts according to the tools of that species. One of the human tools is the intellect, and it works through the cognition of the perception of elements of nature. Cognition occurs as the organizing of sensory data into categories. Without the ability to make generalizations, man would not be able to think. Moreover, the human capacity to think is exactly the same as making abstractions about experience. There is nothing more to descriptions of the world than those abstractions. Details about the world are described only in terms of generalizations, for if there were a word for a specific detail unique to only one event, then that word would be nothing but a name -an abbreviation for the term, the specific detail x , unique to only this one event, y . The assimilation of the external world, which is at first

Reaping the Whirlwind Essay

Fighting human rights is a long and complicated process and â€Å"Reaping the Whirlwind† by Robert J. Norwell is a classical work, in which the author traces the development of human rights movement in one of the cities of American South – Tuskegee, Alabama, specially concentrating on the rights of black-skinned community. The book gathers unique aspects of this region, as well as attempts to link them to national and global human rights development. Norwell is perhaps the best person to write such a book as he is a native of Alabama and holds a PhD degree on history. Norwell takes the reader from 1880-s to 1960-s, telling the story of Tuskegee Institute and it’s principal Booker T. Washington (1856-1915). Tuskegee appeared to be an outstanding example of human rights development. The local Afro-American community appeared to be educated and professional enough to promote their interests, including the ones in education, to overcome the position of conservative white officials. Norwell pays attention to both successes and disappointments of human rights movement in Tuskegee. The key idea of the book, is that in Tuskegee the black population managed to realize their own idea of harmony with the white Americans. In the later chapters Norwell concentrates on further development of the situation and describes how reality stepped away from accommodationalist views of Washington. Those ideas, which have been created in a small closed society were adapted by the rest and became essential for the whole nation. Human rights were won not only by legal and judicial means but also by persuasion, harsh disputes and even fighting opened violence. The book demonstrates how declared rights of African Americans gradually became factual and true. The first edition of the book ended in 1960, however in later editions Norwell updated the last chapter and briefly told of the latest development of human rights on the South from 1960-s until now. Norwell supposes, that Washington’s care of Afro-American activists created a base for human rights to flourish after World War II, because he managed to prepare enough leaders for the movement. Finally he concludes, that Washington should be more likely called a father of human rights movement than DuBois. In total the book is well written and quite easy to read. It is written for both those, who are interested in the subject and those, who require professional knowledge in the field of human rights development of the South. The book gives a picture of real struggles around human rights, which are often different from romantism of martin Luther.

Women of Frankenstein: Impact Based on Influence

Alexis Montgomery Professor Jonathan Luftig English 102 Women of Frankenstein: Impact Based on Influence The novel Frankenstein touches on many controversial themes such as, solitude, the division of â€Å"good† evil, rejection, debate about Nature vs. Nurture, manipulation and etc. Among the many controversial themes, the one that is constantly mentioned is the rather passive, â€Å"supporting† female roles in the novel. Despite her mother’s feminist and independent legacy, Mary Shelley seemed to have written from a more societal perspective in the roles of her characters as opposed to a rebellious, un-relatable perspective.Examples of this can be found in the relationships between the characters, as well as backgrounds of each. In Mary Shelley’s novel, her female characters seem to reflect women of her time, including herself, in supporting their male counterparts even when socially invisible. As the author, Mary Shelley used her personal experiences and bias’s of her time to write her novel. Mary Shelley’s mother died giving birth to her, leaving her to be raised by her father who was a member of a group of radical thinkers. When growing up without a mother, it is imaginable that your influences are not necessarily limited, but shifted.Mary did not have her mother, so she may have looked to the women of her time as examples of what life was supposed to be like. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote in her â€Å"Vindication of the Rights of Women†, Women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, outward obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man; (Wollstonecraft Chpt II) Women in the early 19th century era were viewed as inferior to men.The place of women was considered to be in their home, privately. Her novel can be considered a way for her to deal with questions of her own autobiography, through fiction. In being raised by just her father, in the radical atmosphere, she was exposed to advanced ideas at an early age. She then became known in the literary circle with people such as Lord Byron, the friend and neighbor of her family. In being surrounded by writers and poets, like Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, she was able to shape and mold her ideas.The company of such men, can be described as a â€Å"writer’s dream†, a place of such intellect and creativity, sparking ideas for such novels like Frankenstein. As Mary Shelley progressed in her personal life, she ended up in an intimate relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley, causing her to conceive. She conceived children with him over the years, only to find she was unable to support life, losing three of her four children she had given birth to. All but one child, lived a short term after they were born. Losing these children is so significant bec ause it helped her express her feelings on birth through writing.In Ellen Moer’s, â€Å"The Female Gothic: The Monster’s Mother†, she relates Mary’s lose of her children to the creation of the monster. She states, Frankenstein seems to be distinctly a woman’s mythmaking on the subject of birth precisely because its emphasis is not upon what precedes birth, not upon birth itself, but upon what follows birth: the trauma of the afterbirth. (Shelley 321) This supports that Mary Shelley’s feelings of guilt and sadness surrounding birth and the consequences it produces. The loss of her children can be analyzed as expression of personal fears and pains through her writing.Her experiences have made her views of childbirth, into something grotesque and wretched, this causing the creation of the creature. After being unable to reproduce and losing a quality woman of that era were expected to have, Mary not only didn’t have a mother, but also wa s unable to become one herself. While propping the men up, enabling them to function, the women of the novel were also portrayed as weak. The ideas of the women in her novel being portrayed as weak can be viewed as a self-reflection of herself.Being without guidance or female influence, and unable to provide to offspring, she viewed herself as weak. Her personal-reflection of herself is reflected in women of the novel such as Justine, Elizabeth, and even the idea of the female creature. Victor is supported by Justine in everything he does and the creature uses the thought of a female creature as a companion to â€Å"support† him. Men represent all women of Frankenstein, all three narrators are male and they â€Å"narrate† what the women have said because the whole story is told by men.An example of this is when the creature says, My companion will be of the same nature of myself, and will be content with the same fare. We shall make our bed of dried leaves; the sun wil l shine on us as on man, and will ripen our food. (Shelley 103) The female creature would serve as â€Å"support† for the male creature because her purpose only served to be his companion. For his happiness, he would risk creating a creature as grotesque, with fearful looks. His actions and statement prove the selfishness and dominance of men in the novel.Though men are perceived as the dominant role in the novel, it is ironic that the story is centered on letters between Margaret and Robert. If Margaret hadn’t been Robert’s listener and exchanged letters with him, Robert would have no one to tell Victor’s story to, meaning there would be no novel. Margaret being a woman, can be viewed as the reason the novel exists. Being the main character in the novel, Victor and his relationship with Elizabeth play a large part in the examples of how men are the dominant characters, but only sustain their roles because the women are self-sacrificing.Elizabeth’s character traits influence her behaviors in her relationship with Victor by making her easy to manipulate. When Victor’s mother Caroline died, Elizabeth assumed her role in household duties and plays the mother figure. Though she assumes such a role, she has little substance, still passive, with not much contribution to social matters or decisions. In a sense, because she was not heard, she was not seen in a public aspect. Victor was bold, controlling, and selfish, not only in his disregard for female needs and roles in the novel, but also in other instances.His selfishness was portrayed in his desire to create life, in leaving his family and not contacting them, and once he created life, he disowned his creature, shirking all responsibility. Victor was so self-absorbed that he overestimates his importance. This was the reason behind why he was unable to figure out the creature was coming for Elizabeth and recognizes that she now symbolizes vengeance. Her role was so consist ent and insignificant to him that he was unable to fathom the importance of her death as well as its affect on himself.This is shown after the death of his wife, an example is when he states, Nothing is so painful to the human mind as a great and sudden change. The sun might shine, or the clouds might lour; but nothing could appear to me as it had done the day before. A fiend had snatched from me every hope of future happiness. (Shelley 142) In Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she explores the idea of the destruction of female roles due to the difficulty switching from the public sphere, which was more masculine, to the private sphere, which was more feminine.In the preface Percy writes, his concern the novel was the, â€Å"the exhibition of the amiableness of domestic affection, and the excellence of universal virtue. † (Shelley 7) He exhibits this in Elizabeth. Though Elizabeth exists in the private sphere, to the family she is a symbol of dom estic harmony and can be considered a character based on sacrifice and true virtue. In all the things she does for Victor as well as his family, she is Victor’s hope for future joy. After all the bad things he has done and all the mistakes he has made, Elizabeth represents domestic peace.Her representation of domestic peace can subconsciously be the reason Victor’s family wants him to marry her so badly. The death of Justine as well as Elizabeth was centered on the selfishness of men they loved. Justine was put to death, after trial because Victor refused to admit the creature he created was the cause of his brother William’s death. Elizabeth’s death was caused because Victor’s selfish ways made him refuse to create the creature a female companion to have in his life. Both of these women can be looked at as self-sacrificing.Victor Frankenstein dealt with his extreme guilt of withholding information and secrets from his family regarding his creation , putting people’s lives, such as Justine’s in jeopardy. His secrecy can easily be the reason for the death of Justine, William, and Elizabeth. This extreme guilt is key in discussing how he one of the dominant characters in the novel, because despite how much guilt he feels he never disclosed to anyone his secret creature until he met Robert. In the novel, Victor Frankenstein as a Creator of the creature can be compared to a Mother, giving birth to a child, something that the author, Mary Shelley was unable to do.Again, she uses her personal experiences to express herself in her writing. Victor stripped women of their main purpose during that era, to reproduce. He established that the role played by women isn’t limited to female characters, but can be shown in men as well because Victor can be considered a bad mother. Also in Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she states, In place of normal heterosexual attachment to Elizabeth, Vict or Frankenstein has a substituted a homosexual obsession with his creature, an obsession that in his case is energized by a profound desire to reunite with his dead mother, by becoming himself a mother. Shelley 363) The loss of his mother’s influences cause him to want to create life on his own, so that he can influence or rather control it, leading to the creation of the Creature. Shelley’s personal struggle is evident because though he was able to create life, he wasn’t proud of it, and wasn’t anything like he thought it would be. He then abandoned the creature, sort of like his mother had done when she died, and like Mary Shelley’s mother had done when she died as well. Another example of the role’s women play to the male characters was shown the Creature’s need for a female companion.The Creature’s solitude never allowed him to know what love was, until he began watching the De Lacy’s and seeing the love they shared as a family and how happy Safie made Felix when returning to his life. Felix seemed ravished with delight when he saw her, every trait of sorrow vanished his face, and it instantly expressed a degree of ecstatic joy, of which I could hardly have believed it capable; his eyes sparkled, as his cheek flushed with pleasure; and at that moment I thought him more beautiful than the stranger. (Shelley 81)This moment of joy is something he wanted to feel for himself, or better yet something he wanted someone else to feel for him. He longed for someone to accept him and risk everything, just as Felix had done for Safie. When learning their backgrounds and seeing how Felix risked his family, reputation, and wealth, all to save Safie’s father, the Turk and to marry her, the Creature yearned for that kind of love. He also admired, the extents companions seemed to go for each other. The Creature seems to want a counterpart, not only because she is a female nd he wants to be loved, but bec ause he wants to share his burden of ugliness and non-acceptance from humans who have shunned him. After viewing their relationship he reflects on his loneliness and goes on to blame Victor for his pain. Cursed Creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust? God in pity made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid from its very resemblance. (Shelley 91) In his inhuman heart, he doesn’t long for material things or wealth, he longs to experience life as he’s viewed it as a bystander.Watching the De Lacey’s function in society and as a family, is the example he leads by, therefore he doesn’t understand why he is unable to have that as well. This fact is what makes the creature most human, maybe even more human than Victor because of his need for communication and love, while Victor never needed any of that. Never once in the novel did Victor long for real comp anionship, his joys came in being isolated from others, which caused him to predetermine the creature’s life of isolation as well.In never needing a companion to share life with, Victor saw no problem in destroying the female creature he had created for the male creature. Because Victor excluded women in every way, and he clearly doesn’t understand the significance of his own female counter part in the novel, he definitely doesn’t understand the creatures. Not knowing the significance of a feminine role in his life, nor the creatures is what made the destruction of the female creature an easy decision for him.One of the biggest reasons he struggled to understand the significance was because he was clouded by his fear. In Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she argues that â€Å" he is afraid of an independent female will, afraid that his female creature will have desires and opinions that cannot be controlled by his male creature. â €  (Shelley 360) Victor’s true fear was that by creating a female creature, he’d be defying everything that he believed in. The belief that women are to be more of the private sphere than the public might change and it would cause imbalance of society in his eyes.What if, a women or female could walk the earth as men and think their own thoughts and live life as she pleased. The belief that women are to be controlled, rather than loved and treated equally is what causes each female not to exist anymore. The novel uses its female characters to display that of women in Mary Shelley’s time, displaying failed attempts at changing societal roles. The men of Frankenstein control life, death, and the all possibility of any women functioning as an equal. Mellor, Anne K. Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein. † Norton Critical Edition (1996): 274-86. Print. Moers, Ellen. â€Å"Female Gothic: The Monster's Mother. † New York Review of Books (1974). Rpt. in Frankenstein: A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York: Norton, 1996. 214-24. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein: A Norton Critical Edition. ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996 Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. A Wollstonecraft Anthology. Ed. Janet M. Todd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977

Free Essays on E-retailing

E-Retailing Retail is one of the more visible market sectors on the Web. In retail, merchants sell products and services directly to a buyer. E-retail, also called e-tail, occurs when retailers use the Web to sell their products and services (Sanchez 16). E-retailers constantly challenge the old ways of conducting business as they bring new products and services to the market. All retailers, however, operate in a similar manner. A customer (consumer) visits an online business at the Web equivalent of a showroom: the electronic storefront. The electronic storefront, also called an online catalog, is the Web site where an e-retailer displays its products. It contains descriptions, graphics, and sometimes product reviews. After browsing through the merchandise, the customer makes a selection. This activates a second area of the store known as the shopping cart. The shopping cart is a software component on the Web that allows the customer to collect purchases. Items in the cart can be added. Deleted, or even saved for a future visit. When ready to complete the sale, the customer proceeds to the checkout. At this, the customer enters personal and financial data through a secure Internet connection. The transaction and financial data automatically are verified at a banking Web site. If the bank approves the transaction, the customer receives an online confirmation notice of the purchase. Then, the e-retailer processes the order and sends it to the fulfillment center where it is packaged and shipped. The e-retailer notifies the bank of the shipment, and payment is sent via electronic channels to the e-retailer. Inventory systems are updated. Shipping information is posted in the Web, so the customer can track the order. The customer typically receives the order a few days after the purchase (Microsoft Word 2002 Project 2). E-retailing presents a new way to shop. The store is open 24 hours a day. With a few clicks of th... Free Essays on E-retailing Free Essays on E-retailing E-Retailing Retail is one of the more visible market sectors on the Web. In retail, merchants sell products and services directly to a buyer. E-retail, also called e-tail, occurs when retailers use the Web to sell their products and services (Sanchez 16). E-retailers constantly challenge the old ways of conducting business as they bring new products and services to the market. All retailers, however, operate in a similar manner. A customer (consumer) visits an online business at the Web equivalent of a showroom: the electronic storefront. The electronic storefront, also called an online catalog, is the Web site where an e-retailer displays its products. It contains descriptions, graphics, and sometimes product reviews. After browsing through the merchandise, the customer makes a selection. This activates a second area of the store known as the shopping cart. The shopping cart is a software component on the Web that allows the customer to collect purchases. Items in the cart can be added. Deleted, or even saved for a future visit. When ready to complete the sale, the customer proceeds to the checkout. At this, the customer enters personal and financial data through a secure Internet connection. The transaction and financial data automatically are verified at a banking Web site. If the bank approves the transaction, the customer receives an online confirmation notice of the purchase. Then, the e-retailer processes the order and sends it to the fulfillment center where it is packaged and shipped. The e-retailer notifies the bank of the shipment, and payment is sent via electronic channels to the e-retailer. Inventory systems are updated. Shipping information is posted in the Web, so the customer can track the order. The customer typically receives the order a few days after the purchase (Microsoft Word 2002 Project 2). E-retailing presents a new way to shop. The store is open 24 hours a day. With a few clicks of th...

Changes in Leadership and CEO Succession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changes in Leadership and CEO Succession - Essay Example Founded in 1839 by Oliver Chace, the Valley Falls Company specialized in textile manufacturing. Its 1889 merger with Berkshire Cotton Manufacturing saw the company’s name change to Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates. The company’s final merger then followed this in 1955 with Hathaway Manufacturing Company, which resulted in its new name Berkshire Hathaway. Initially, the company had been successful expanding its operations across the US. However, after the World War I, a decline in the textile industry led the company shutting down several of its mills. This was when (1962) Warren Buffet began buying stock in the company. By 1964, Buffet had acknowledged that the waning textile industry would not lead to an improvement in the company’s finances; therefore, he agreed to sell his shares when he received an oral tender offer from Seabury Stanton (the company’s owner). Stanton’s failure to uphold his end of the bargain rendered the deal void, which moti vated an aggrieved Buffet to purchase more shares from the company to become majority shareholder. In 1967, Buffet set his sights on insurance, and decided to purchase the National Indemnity Company. Since then, he shut down the remaining textile mills and continued to acquire subsidiary companies while investing in the stock market. Currently, Forbes magazine ranks Berkshire Hathaway as the fifth biggest public company in the world. Presently, Buffet serves in the capacity of CEO, Chairman, Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and majority shareholder. As such, the company must find an individual or group of individuals with the expertise required to perform the diverse functions. The proposed succession plan is split into five parts whereby three parts focus on personnel, one on corporate culture and the last on institutional ownership. The company’s Board of Directors proposes that

Public Relations (event management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relations (event management) - Essay Example This plan outlines the pre-launch activities to be carried out in order to create publicity and awareness for the launch. It will highlight the approaches to different marketing and promotion styles that will prove essential for the publicity. The event management team has conducted meetings with the hotel officials and planned a brief for the mega event to be held on 30th March 2011. How to approach the local media? Advertising through the media can be quite expensive. In order to lower the costs, a partnership with a media channel to advertise is recommended. Since opening a 5 star hotel is a large event, the national newspaper will be a good choice. The advertisement activities are to be done prior to the event. A brand campaign at the right time will be required to make the event known to the masses. There will be some gap between the event and the advertisement, so that people are ready and aware of the activities. This might also help to generate some kind of sponsorship theref ore it is suggested to advertise 2 weeks before the event. Other than that, exclusive invitations could be sent out in some of the wealthy residential areas that are home to the upper class of the city (Damster, et al 2006) Since a five star hotel can cater to many people, flyers or posters are to be put in some of the posh places to advertise the event. Inviting public figures to a hotel opening can be a great way of gaining media coverage. The press would definitely want to cover the event if celebrities are attending it. Sponsorship through television channels will allow the event to reach more targets than sponsoring through some product or service brand. In this way television coverage will be available on the day of the event and will be a major attraction for the attendees. Having sponsors is a great way of gaining media coverage. A press release The press release is to be made exclusively for the event. It will send out the message well and frequently. It is to be made sure that the press release is exciting and can appeal to the audience and not give them a chance to overlook the content and the event. So it should be worded very strongly (Damster et al 2006). For attracting target audience the press release will have a catchy headline in bold letters formatted in the middle. A subheading will be provided underneath to summarise event media release in a line with a smaller font than the main heading. For journalists to get an idea, all main points will be incorporated in the first two paragraphs. All the 5 Ws i.e. â€Å"who, what, when, why, and how† will be briefly stated. A quote from the spokesperson will explain the significance of this event. At the bottom, contact details will be provided for people to get in touch. In publishing the press release, a give out kit will also be an attractive way to gain publicity. This kit will be in the form of a folder containing photos of the hotel, details about the owners and other details about the op erations such as descriptions of facilities, events and rates. The press release is to be brief, while giving out enough information to keep the audience interested and curious (Fier, 1993). Media briefing presentation for the event